ACL Tear & Injury: Symptoms & Recovery

Synopsis

An ACL tear is a common knee injury affecting the cruciate ligament, which stabilises the knee joint. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and instability. Treatment varies from physical therapy to ACL knee surgery, depending on the severity of the tear. Recovery can take several months, with rehabilitation playing a key role in regaining knee function.

Understanding ACL Tear & Injury

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is one of the key ligaments in the knee, providing stability during movement. It connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone) and prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia. Injuries to the ACL often occur during sports that involve sudden stops, jumps, or changes in direction, such as football, basketball, and skiing.

ACL injuries can range from mild sprains to complete ruptures. In severe cases, ACL knee surgery may be required to restore knee function, especially for athletes or active individuals. Understanding the symptoms and treatment options is crucial for proper recovery.

Symptoms of an ACL Tear

The severity of symptoms depends on the extent of the injury. Some of the most common ACL sprain symptoms include:

1. Popping Sound at the Time of Injury

Many people report hearing or feeling a loud “pop” when the ligament tears. This is often the first sign of an ACL injury.

2. ACL Pain Location

Pain is usually felt deep inside the knee, particularly at the centre or along the joint line. It may intensify when trying to bear weight.

3. Swelling and Inflammation

Swelling develops rapidly within a few hours due to internal bleeding in the knee. It may cause stiffness, limiting movement.

4. Knee Instability

An injured ACL compromises knee stability, making it difficult to stand, walk, or pivot. Many individuals feel like their knee might “give out.”

5. Reduced Range of Motion

Bending or fully straightening the knee becomes painful and difficult due to swelling and joint stiffness.

If left untreated, an ACL tear can lead to chronic knee instability and increase the risk of further injuries, such as cartilage damage requiring cartilage repair.

What Causes an ACL Tear?

ACL injuries typically occur due to excessive strain on the ligament. The most common causes include:

1. Sudden Direction Changes

Quick turns, pivots, or side-step movements can overstretch the ACL, leading to tears.

2. Improper Landing from Jumps

Landing awkwardly after a jump increases stress on the knee, putting the ligament at risk.

3. Direct Impact or Trauma

A sudden blow to the knee, such as in contact sports or car accidents, can rupture the ACL.

4. Overstretching or Hyperextension

Extending the knee beyond its normal range can strain and tear the ligament.

5. Weak Muscles or Poor Conditioning

Weak quadriceps and hamstrings fail to support the knee, increasing susceptibility to ligament injuries.

Different Grades of ACL Tears

ACL injuries are classified into three grades based on severity:

1. Grade 1 (Mild Sprain)

The ACL is stretched but not torn.
Knee stability is mostly intact.
ACL sprain recovery time is typically 2–6 weeks with physiotherapy.

2. Grade 2 (Partial Tear)

The ligament is partially torn, affecting knee stability.
Moderate swelling and difficulty walking.
Recovery may take several months with proper rehabilitation.

3. Grade 3 (Complete Tear or Rupture)

The ligament is completely torn, causing severe instability.
Surgery is often required for full recovery.
ACL rupture treatment includes surgery and a rehabilitation program lasting 6–12 months.

Treatment Options for an ACL Tear

Treatment depends on the severity of the tear and the patient’s lifestyle.

1. Conservative Treatment (Non-Surgical Approach)

For mild ACL injuries or partial tears, healing ACL without surgery is possible through:

Rest & Ice Therapy: Reduces pain and swelling.
Compression & Elevation: Supports healing and prevents further damage.
Bracing: A knee brace stabilises the joint and prevents excessive movement.
Physical Therapy: Strengthening surrounding muscles improves knee stability.

This approach works well for non-athletes or individuals with a sedentary lifestyle.

2. ACL Knee Surgery (Reconstruction Surgery)

For complete ACL ruptures, surgery is often required, especially for active individuals or athletes.

Arthroscopic ACL Reconstruction: The damaged ligament is replaced with a graft from the patient’s hamstring, patellar tendon, or a donor.
Minimally Invasive Surgery: Reduces recovery time and post-operative pain.

Post-surgical rehabilitation is crucial for regaining full knee function.

Recovery & Rehabilitation

Recovery time varies depending on the severity of the injury and treatment method.

1. Post-Surgery Recovery Timeline

First 2 Weeks: Focus on reducing swelling and regaining knee mobility.
Weeks 3–6: Start light exercises and strengthen surrounding muscles.
Months 3–6: Intensive physiotherapy and sport-specific training.
6+ Months: Return to sports or full physical activity with caution.

2. ACL Rehabilitation

A structured physiotherapy program includes strengthening and mobility exercises. These exercises prevent stiffness and ensure the knee regains full function.

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience persistent knee pain, swelling, or instability, it is advisable to seek expert care. You can consult some of the best orthopaedic doctors in Bangalore at SPARSH, renowned as one of the best orthopaedic hospitals in Bangalore for specialised treatment.

Conclusion

An ACL tear can be a life-changing injury, but with the right treatment and rehabilitation, full recovery is possible. Whether opting for conservative management or ACL knee surgery, following a structured recovery plan is key to regaining knee function. Seeking timely medical advice ensures a successful return to daily activities and sports.