Cervical Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cervix, often linked to persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, and unusual discharge. Early detection through cervical cancer screening and vaccines can prevent or treat this condition effectively. Consult an oncologist for tailored care if you experience persistent symptoms or are due for a check-up.

Understanding Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer occurs when malignant tumours form in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. A persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of this condition. Left undetected, cervical cancer progresses through distinct stages, often beginning with pre-cancerous changes in the cervical cells.

Prevention and early detection play a critical role in reducing risk. Vaccination against HPV, commonly known as the cervical cancer vaccine, offers effective protection by targeting the virus. Routine cervical cancer screening, including Pap smears, helps detect abnormalities early, when they are most treatable, and can prevent the progression to more advanced stages.

Symptoms of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer symptoms can be subtle and may not appear until the disease has progressed. Common signs include:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding: This includes bleeding outside of normal menstrual cycles, such as after intercourse, between periods, or even post-menopause. It’s often an early sign of cervical cancer and should not be ignored.
• Pelvic pain: Persistent discomfort or a dull ache in the lower abdomen or pelvic region can indicate underlying issues, including cervical abnormalities.

• Unusual discharge: Any discharge that is watery, foul-smelling, or tinged with blood could signal a problem. These changes are caused by cancerous cells irritating the surrounding tissues.
• Pain during intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity often appears in more advanced stages of cervical cancer when tumours may impact surrounding tissues.
• Fatigue: Prolonged or heavy bleeding can lead to anaemia, causing a constant feeling of tiredness or weakness, a common symptom in advanced cases.

If you notice these symptoms, consult a healthcare professional promptly.

What Causes Cervical Cancer?

The primary cervical cancer causes include:

• HPV Infection: Persistent infections with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) are the primary cause of cervical cancer. These strains can alter cervical cells, leading to pre-cancerous changes.
• Smoking: Tobacco weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to combat HPV infections. Additionally, tobacco by-products can damage cervical cells, increasing cancer risk.
• Weakened immune system: Individuals with conditions like HIV or those taking immunosuppressive medications are at higher risk because their bodies are less equipped to fight off HPV infections.
• Multiple pregnancies: Hormonal changes and cervical trauma during multiple pregnancies may make the cervix more vulnerable to persistent HPV infections and cell changes.
• Early sexual activity: Engaging in sexual activity at a young age increases the chances of being exposed to HPV, as the cervix is more susceptible to infection during adolescence.
• Family history: A genetic predisposition may elevate the risk, as having a close relative with cervical cancer could point to inherited vulnerabilities or shared environmental factors.

Cervical Cancer Treatment

Cervical cancer treatment depends on the stage of the disease:

Early-stage treatment

• Surgery: Surgical options depend on the stage of cervical cancer. For early stages or pre-cancerous lesions, a conization procedure may be performed to remove only the affected tissue. In more advanced cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) or a radical hysterectomy (including nearby lymph nodes) may be necessary to eliminate the cancer and prevent its spread.
• Radiation therapy: This treatment uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumours. It is often employed alongside surgery, either to reduce the tumour size before surgery or to target any remaining cancer cells afterward. In advanced stages, radiation therapy may also be used as a standalone treatment or combined with chemotherapy for enhanced effectiveness.

Advanced-stage treatment

• Chemoradiation: This approach combines the cell-killing effects of chemotherapy with the precision of radiation therapy. Chemotherapy enhances the effectiveness of radiation, making it a powerful option for treating cervical cancer. It is often used in advanced stages to shrink tumours and target cancer cells more effectively.
• Targeted therapy: These innovative drugs focus on specific molecules involved in cancer growth and spread. Unlike traditional treatments, targeted therapy minimises damage to healthy tissues, offering a more focused approach with fewer side effects.
• Immunotherapy: Designed to strengthen the immune system, this treatment helps the body recognise and attack cancer cells. By boosting the immune response, immunotherapy has shown promise, particularly in cases where other treatments may not be as effective.

Vaccination is an effective preventive measure, while regular cervical cancer screening can detect abnormalities before they progress.

When to See a Doctor?

Consult an oncologist in Bangalore if you experience:

• Persistent pelvic pain or abnormal bleeding.
• Unusual discharge that doesn’t resolve with treatment.
• Symptoms that interfere with your daily activities.

For individuals in Bangalore, SPARSH Hospitals offers comprehensive care for cervical cancer, with expert oncologists in Bangalore providing personalised treatment plans.

When to See a Doctor?

Cervical cancer is a preventable and treatable condition when detected early. Regular screenings, vaccination, and lifestyle adjustments play a vital role in reducing the risk. If you’re experiencing symptoms or need preventive care, consulting a skilled oncologist in Bangalore can make a significant difference.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is cervical cancer curable?

Yes, cervical cancer has a high cure rate when detected early. Effective treatment options such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy can successfully eliminate cancer, especially in its initial stages.

What are the first signs of cervical cancer?

Early signs include abnormal vaginal bleeding (such as bleeding after intercourse or between periods), persistent pelvic pain, and unusual vaginal discharge. These symptoms should prompt immediate medical attention.

How long can a woman live with cervical cancer?

Survival rates vary depending on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage cervical cancer often has excellent survival outcomes, while advanced stages require more intensive treatment, which can still improve quality of life and extend survival.

What causes cervical cancer?

The primary cause is persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains. Other contributing factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, multiple pregnancies, and early sexual activity, all of which increase susceptibility to the disease.