Common cold - Symptoms and causes

The common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory system, causing symptoms such as a runny nose, sore throat, and coughing. Understanding its symptoms and causes can help in managing the illness. Though it’s usually mild and resolves on its own, there are treatments to ease symptoms. In cases of severe or prolonged illness, or complications like cold fever, medical attention may be necessary.

Understanding Common Cold

The common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory system. It is one of the most frequent illnesses worldwide, especially during the colder months. A cold is often confused with the flu because both share some similar symptoms. However, the common cold tends to be milder than the flu and typically does not cause severe complications like the flu can. 

Colds are highly contagious and can spread through droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread via surfaces, such as door handles or shared objects. The common cold can affect anyone, but young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems may be more vulnerable to complications.

Common Cold Symptoms

The common cold symptoms usually appear within one to three days after being exposed to the virus. While symptoms can vary from person to person, the most common ones include: 

Runny or Stuffy Nose

A runny nose is one of the hallmark symptoms of the common cold. You may find yourself constantly reaching for tissues, as your nose produces more mucus than usual. Alternatively, some people experience nasal congestion, where the nose feels blocked or stuffy. 

Sore Throat

Many people with a common cold develop a mild sore throat. The throat may feel scratchy or irritated, and it can be sore when swallowing. The soreness generally disappears after a few days. 

Sneezing

Frequent sneezing is another symptom of the common cold. The nasal passages become irritated, causing the body to expel air forcefully through the nose and mouth to clear the irritation. 

Coughing

A dry cough is a typical symptom of a common cold, although it can sometimes produce phlegm or mucus. The coughing is a reflex action to clear your airways and can last for up to three weeks. 

Mild Fatigue

Feeling tired or sluggish is common when you have a common cold. Your body is using energy to fight the virus, and you may feel weaker than usual. 

Mild Headache

Some people may experience a mild headache, typically as a result of sinus congestion or a general sense of feeling unwell. 

Watery Eyes

Your eyes may become watery or slightly irritated, often due to nasal congestion. 

Cold Fever

While not as common as the other symptoms, a cold fever can sometimes occur with the common cold. This mild fever typically doesn’t exceed 38°C (100.4°F) and is often a sign that your body is fighting off the infection. 

These symptoms generally peak within the first few days and then begin to improve, but they can last anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks.

What Causes Common Cold?

Several viruses can cause the common cold, but the rhinovirus is responsible for around 50% of all cases. Other viruses that can cause cold-like symptoms include coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza virus. Here’s how the common cold develops: 

Exposure to the Virus

The common cold is usually contracted by coming into contact with someone who has the virus or by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus. If you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth after touching contaminated surfaces, the virus can enter your body and begin to replicate. 

Immune Response

Once the virus enters the body, your immune system begins fighting it off. The inflammation that occurs in response to the infection is what causes many of the symptoms of the common cold, such as a runny nose, sore throat, and coughing. 

Seasonality

While the common cold can occur throughout the year, it is more common during the autumn and winter months. This is partly due to people spending more time indoors, which increases the chances of close contact with others who may be infected. 

Weakened Immune System

People with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly or those with chronic illnesses, are more prone to developing colds. Poor nutrition, lack of sleep, and stress can also weaken the immune system, making it easier for viruses to take hold. 

Environmental Factors

Changes in temperature, humidity, and air quality can also contribute to the development of colds. Cold air and dry indoor heating systems can dry out the nasal passages, making it easier for viruses to infect the body.

Common Cold Treatment

While there is no cure for the common cold, treatments focus on alleviating symptoms and helping the body recover faster. The following treatments can help manage the symptoms of a cold and flu: 

Rest

One of the most important things you can do when you have a cold is rest. Allow your body time to heal by taking breaks from work or school and getting plenty of sleep. 

Hydration

Staying hydrated is key during a cold. Drink plenty of water, herbal teas, or broths to help soothe your throat and thin mucus. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, as they can dehydrate your body. 

Over-the-Counter Medications

Many over-the-counter medications can help alleviate symptoms such as a sore throat, headache, or congestion. Some options include: 

• Decongestants to reduce nasal congestion. 

• Pain relievers like paracetamol or ibuprofen to reduce discomfort. 

• Throat lozenges or sprays to soothe a sore throat. 

Steam Inhalation

Inhaling steam from a bowl of hot water or taking a hot shower can help relieve congestion and soothe the nasal passages. 

Warm Salt water Gargle

Gargling with warm salt water can help reduce throat irritation and provide temporary relief from a sore throat. 

Cold Fever Treatment

If you experience a cold fever, ensure you stay hydrated and rest. If the fever exceeds 38°C (100.4°F), consider using fever-reducing medications like paracetamol.

When to See a Doctor?

In most cases, the common cold resolves on its own, and medical intervention is not required. However, you should seek medical attention if you experience any of the following: 

• Severe symptoms that do not improve after 10-14 days. 
• A high fever (above 38°C or 100.4°F) that persists for more than a few days. 
• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. 
• Severe sinus pain or pressure. 
• If the cold and flu symptoms worsen or seem to develop into something more serious, such as a secondary bacterial infection, medical attention is crucial.  

You can consult a general surgeon in Bangalore at your nearest SPARSH Hospital. We are known to have renowned tropical medicine hospitals in Bangalore.

Conclusion

The common cold is an irritating but typically mild illness that affects many people every year. Although it’s not usually serious, it can cause significant discomfort. Knowing the common cold symptoms and causes can help you manage the illness more effectively. Treatment mainly focuses on symptom relief, but rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications can make a big difference. Always keep an eye on your symptoms, and seek medical advice if things seem to be getting worse or lasting longer than expected.

Frequently Asked Questions

How to get rid of a cold quickly? 

While there’s no quick fix, rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications can help alleviate symptoms. Steam inhalation and warm saltwater gargles can also soothe the throat. 

How long will my cold last? 

A cold typically lasts about 7 to 10 days. Symptoms may last longer in some cases, especially if complications arise. 

What are 5 symptoms of the common cold? 

The five most common symptoms include a runny nose, sore throat, coughing, sneezing, and mild fatigue. 

How to tell allergy vs cold? 

Allergies usually cause itchy eyes and sneezing, without a sore throat or cough. Colds often come with a sore throat, fatigue, and sometimes a mild fever, whereas allergies are triggered by specific allergens.