Hodgkin Lymphoma: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Causes & Treatment

Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, responsible for fighting infections. It is characterised by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. Symptoms often include swollen lymph nodes, fever, and fatigue. Early diagnosis through biopsy and imaging improves outcomes, and treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy are highly effective.

Understanding Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, a crucial component of the immune system. It arises due to abnormal growth of lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cell, which can lead to the formation of tumours in the lymph nodes and possibly spread to other areas of the body.

Hodgkin lymphoma is distinct from non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma due to the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells under a microscope.

While Hodgkin lymphoma can occur at any age, it is most common in individuals aged 15–40 and those over 55. Advances in treatment have made Hodgkin lymphoma one of the most treatable cancers, especially when detected early.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma Symptoms

Symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma can vary but commonly include:

• Swollen lymph nodes: This is one of the hallmark signs of Hodgkin lymphoma. These swollen nodes are often painless and can appear in areas such as the neck, armpits, or groin. Sometimes, they may grow large enough to be visible or felt under the skin.
• Fever and night sweats: Recurrent fever that isn’t linked to infections and excessive sweating during the night are common. These symptoms are known as “B symptoms” and are often indicative of the disease’s systemic nature.
• Fatigue: Persistent and overwhelming tiredness, even after adequate rest, is a frequent complaint. This occurs due to the body’s immune system working harder to fight the disease.
• Unintentional weight loss: Losing a significant amount of weight without changes to diet or exercise is another warning sign. This often indicates an advanced stage of the disease.
• Itchy skin: Generalised itching, medically termed pruritus, can occur without a visible rash. It’s believed to be caused by cytokines, chemicals released by the immune system.
• Chest pain or breathing issues: Swollen lymph nodes in the chest can press against the lungs or airways, leading to chest discomfort, coughing, or shortness of breath.
• Loss of appetite: Reduced interest in eating may occur, often due to systemic inflammation or the physical pressure of swollen lymph nodes on the digestive system.

These symptoms overlap with other conditions, so it’s essential to consult a haematologist for a proper diagnosis.

What Causes Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

The exact causes of Hodgkin lymphoma are not fully understood, but several risk factors and conditions may contribute:

• Genetic mutations: Changes in the DNA of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) can lead to their uncontrolled growth and abnormal behaviour. These mutations can interfere with the body’s ability to regulate cell division and immune responses.
• Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Individuals previously infected with EBV, which causes glandular fever, have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. The virus may alter lymphocyte behaviour, creating conditions conducive to the disease.
• Weakened immune system: A compromised immune system, either due to conditions like HIV or the use of immunosuppressive medications (e.g., after organ transplants), can make the body more vulnerable to Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Family history: Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma may slightly elevate the risk, suggesting a genetic predisposition.

Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, toxins, or radiation can also contribute to the development of Hodgkin lymphoma by damaging the DNA of lymphocytes or weakening immune defences.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma Diagnosis

Diagnosing Hodgkin lymphoma involves multiple steps to confirm the presence and extent of the disease:

• Physical examination: During an initial evaluation, the doctor checks for signs of swollen lymph nodes in areas like the neck, armpits, or groin, as well as enlargement of the spleen or liver. These may signal abnormal lymphatic activity, prompting further investigation.
• Biopsy: A crucial step for a definitive diagnosis, this involves removing a sample of lymph node or affected tissue to examine under a microscope. The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, a hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma, confirms the condition.
• Imaging tests: Advanced imaging techniques such as CT scans, PET scans, or MRIs provide detailed visuals of the body. These tests help determine the extent of lymph node involvement, the spread of the disease to other organs, and the effectiveness of ongoing treatment.
• Blood tests: These tests check for signs of infection, inflammation, or abnormal blood markers that may indicate disease progression. Blood tests also help assess overall organ function and ensure the body is prepared for treatment.

Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment planning.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatments

Treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma depends on the stage and overall health of the patient. Common approaches include:

• Chemotherapy: Often the first line of treatment, chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells. It is usually administered in cycles to maximise effectiveness.
• Radiation therapy: High-energy rays target and destroy cancer cells, especially in localised Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Targeted therapy: This newer treatment targets specific proteins in cancer cells to stop their growth.
• Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight cancer cells more effectively.
• Stem cell transplant: In cases of relapse or advanced disease, a transplant can help regenerate healthy blood cells after intensive treatment.

When to See a Doctor?

Persistent symptoms like swollen lymph nodes, fever, or unexplained weight loss warrant medical attention. For those in Bangalore, you can visit the nearest SPARSH hospital to consult some of the best haematologists in Bangalore. We are known as one of the best haematology hospitals in Bangalore which ensures the right diagnosis and personalised care. 

Conclusion

Hodgkin lymphoma, though serious, is highly treatable with modern medical advances. Recognising Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms and seeking timely medical help can make all the difference. From early diagnosis to comprehensive treatment, managing Hodgkin lymphoma effectively requires a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Hodgkin’s lymphoma 100% curable?

While not always 100% curable, Hodgkin lymphoma has a high treatment success rate, especially when diagnosed early.

What are the first signs of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Early signs often include painless swelling in the lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, armpits, or groin. These are usually accompanied by symptoms like unexplained fever, night sweats, or persistent fatigue.

Is Hodgkin’s lymphoma a serious cancer?

Hodgkin lymphoma is considered serious, but it is also one of the most treatable cancers, especially when diagnosed early. Advances in treatment have significantly improved survival rates and outcomes.

Can you fully recover from Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Many patients achieve full remission, particularly with advancements in chemotherapy and radiation therapy.