Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, and Diet

Hyperthyroidism is a result of the thyroid gland producing excessive hormones, leading to symptoms like rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and nervousness. It can result from hyperthyroidism causes such as Graves’ disease or thyroid nodules. Hyperthyroidism treatment includes medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. A proper diagnosis and personalised diet plan can help manage this condition effectively.

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Hyperthyroidism, also referred to as an overactive thyroid, happens when the thyroid gland releases an excessive amount of thyroid hormones—T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). These hormones are crucial because they control your metabolism, energy levels, and overall bodily functions. When there’s too much of these hormones in the bloodstream, they accelerate the body’s processes, leading to symptoms like rapid heart rate, weight loss, and increased sweating. Hyperthyroidism can disrupt your physical and emotional balance, making everyday activities feel overwhelming. Women and those with a family history of thyroid disorders are more likely to develop this condition, though anyone can be affected.

Hyperthyroidism Symptoms

Recognising Hyperthyroidism symptoms early is essential for effective treatment. Common symptoms include:

1. Rapid or Irregular Heartbeat

A racing or irregular heartbeat, often accompanied by palpitations, is a common sign. The overproduction of thyroid hormones causes the heart to work harder and faster than usual.

2. Unintended Weight Loss

Even with a normal or increased appetite, individuals with hyperthyroidism often experience weight loss. This happens because the body’s metabolism speeds up, burning calories faster than they can be replaced.

3. Nervousness and Irritability

The overactivity of the thyroid affects mental health, leading to heightened feelings of restlessness, anxiety, or irritability. It can make individuals feel on edge or emotionally unstable.

4. Sweating and Heat Intolerance

Hyperthyroidism impacts the body’s ability to regulate temperature, often causing excessive sweating and discomfort in warm environments.

5. Enlarged Thyroid (Goitre)

The thyroid gland may swell visibly, forming a goitre. This enlargement can cause neck discomfort, a feeling of fullness, or trouble swallowing.

6. Tremors

Shaking hands or fingers are a noticeable symptom. These fine tremors result from the overstimulation of nerves due to excess thyroid hormones.

7. Fatigue

Although hyperthyroidism increases metabolism, the constant overdrive can leave the body feeling drained and fatigued, making it hard to sustain energy throughout the day. 

For some individuals, overactive thyroid symptoms may manifest mildly, but ignoring these signs could lead to severe complications like heart issues or osteoporosis.

What Causes Hyperthyroidism?

Understanding Hyperthyroidism causes is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Key factors include:

1. Graves’ Disease

Graves’ Disease is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to overproduce hormones. This is the leading cause of hyperthyroidism and may also cause symptoms like bulging eyes and skin changes.

2. Thyroid Nodules

These are lumps or nodules within the thyroid gland that become overactive. They work independently, producing excess hormones, and can lead to hyperthyroidism. Multiple nodules may result in a condition called toxic multinodular goitre.

3. Thyroiditis

This condition involves inflammation of the thyroid gland. It can occur due to infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain medications. The inflamed gland leaks hormones into the bloodstream, causing temporary hyperthyroidism.

4. Excess Iodine Intake

Too much iodine, whether from diet, supplements, or certain medications like contrast dyes, can overstimulate the thyroid gland. This excessive iodine intake can tip the thyroid into overdrive, causing hyperthyroidism.

5. Family History

A genetic predisposition plays a significant role in developing thyroid conditions. If your family has a history of thyroid disorders, you are at a higher risk of hyperthyroidism due to inherited immune or thyroid gland irregularities.

How is Hyperthyroidism Diagnosed?

Hyperthyroidism diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms and conducting specific tests:

•   Blood Tests:
  These measure T3, T4, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) levels. In hyperthyroidism, T3 and T4 levels are high, while TSH is low.
•   Thyroid Scan:
  A radioactive iodine uptake test helps determine how much iodine your thyroid absorbs, revealing the cause of the condition.
•   Ultrasound:
  Imaging tests assess the gland’s structure, detecting nodules or swelling.

Accurate diagnosis is vital to distinguish between Hyperthyroidism causes and guide appropriate treatment.

Treatment and Management

Hyperthyroidism treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. Options include:

1. Medications:
2. Antithyroid drugs: These reduce hormone production by the thyroid gland.
3. Beta-blockers: Used to manage symptoms like rapid heartbeat and tremors but do not address hormone levels.
4. Radioactive Iodine Therapy:
   This treatment destroys overactive thyroid cells, reducing hormone production. It is a widely used option for long-term management.
5. Surgery (Thyroidectomy):
   In severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective, partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland may be recommended.
6. Lifestyle Adjustments:
7. Diet: Incorporate foods like leafy greens, lean proteins, and whole grains while avoiding excess iodine-rich foods.
8. Stress Management: Practices like yoga and meditation can help reduce stress levels, which may aggravate symptoms.

Hyperthyroidism medication should always be taken under the guidance of a doctor to avoid complications. 

When to See a Doctor?

If you’re in Bangalore, you can consult an experienced endocrinologist at SPARSH Hospital for specialised care in managing hyperthyroidism and other thyroid disorders. We are known as one of the best endocrinology and diabetology Hospitals in Bangalore.

Conclusion

Hyperthyroidism, if not addressed, can greatly affect daily life and overall well-being. Recognising the signs, understanding the underlying causes, and exploring available treatments are crucial for proper management. With a tailored treatment plan, dietary changes, and consistent medical check-ups, the condition can be effectively controlled.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can you live a normal life with hyperthyroid?
Yes, with proper treatment and lifestyle changes, most individuals with hyperthyroidism can lead normal, healthy lives.

What is a hyperthyroidism TSH level?
In hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are typically low, as the gland produces excess thyroid hormones.

What is the best treatment for hyperthyroidism?
The best treatment depends on the individual but often includes antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. Always consult a doctor to determine the right approach.