Understanding Mycoplasma Pneumoniae in Children: A Guide for Parents

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a highly contagious bacteria that causes upper respiratory infections and, in some cases, pneumonia. The pneumonia caused by this bacterium is usually clinically milder than other types, which is why it is often referred to as “walking pneumonia.” While it is not typically a cause for alarm, parents should be aware of mycoplasma pneumoniae symptoms and potential complications.

Should You Be Concerned About Mycoplasma Pneumoniae in Your Child?

Most of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections are simple respiratory illnesses. However, it is essential to monitor your child’s symptoms carefully. Many children will experience mild symptoms similar to the common cold or flu. However, in some cases, the infection can be more severe and may require medical intervention.

According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), emergency room visits due to mycoplasma infections have increased in children during certain periods. Between March 31 and October 5, 2024, the CDC recorded the following increases in emergency room visits for different age groups. A similar incidence is noted in Bangalore, which has seen a recent surge in cases in the last few months.

• Children aged 2-4 years: A rise from 1% to 7.2%
• Children aged 5-7 years: A rise from 3.6% to 7.4%

While these numbers indicate a noticeable increase, it is still not a cause for panic. Instead, parents should stay vigilant and seek medical advice if their child develops concerning mycoplasma pneumoniae symptoms.

Children can have a spectrum of respiratory manifestations, including simple upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and sinusitis. However, croup, tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia are the most serious complications associated with Mycoplasma.

Although rare, a significant number of children globally get affected with extrapulmonary complications affecting the brain, like encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, post-infectious demyelination, and Gullian- Barre-like syndrome.

Dermatological manifestations, including simple exanthematous rash, urticaria, and more severe diseases like Steven-Johnson’s syndrome, can be seen.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Mycoplasma infections often resemble other respiratory illnesses, making them difficult to identify without medical evaluation. If your child develops prolonged or unusual symptoms, visiting a doctor for an assessment, including a possible chest X-ray, is advisable.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae symptoms can take up to four weeks to appear, and early signs may include:

• Persistent Dry Cough: This is often considered the most distinctive mycoplasma pneumonia symptom. While other illnesses, such as allergies or viral infections, can cause a dry cough, mycoplasma-induced coughing can persist for several weeks, even when no other symptoms are present.
• Low-Grade Fever: Many children experience mild fever, and some may not have one.
• Fatigue, Headaches, and Body Aches: These flu-like symptoms can indicate a mycoplasma infection.
• Sore Throat and Ear Pain: In some cases, the infection can spread to the middle ear, causing discomfort and mild throat irritation.
• Lethargy, Abnormal movements, new onset behavioural change, and difficulty in walking

It is important to remember that every child reacts differently to infections. While some may have minimal symptoms, others may experience more severe complications requiring medical attention.

When to Seek Emergency Medical Care

Most children with a mild or moderate mycoplasma infection can recover with supportive care at home. However, some cases can escalate into medical emergencies. Parents should contact a doctor immediately if their child exhibits any of the following symptoms:

• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
• High fever (above 102°F/39°C)
• Chest pain
• Difficulty eating or drinking
• Frequent vomiting or diarrhoea
• Signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth or reduced urination
• Extreme fatigue, confusion, or lethargy
• Inability to attend school due to breathing difficulties
• Abnormal movements and behavioural change

In such cases, seeking emergency medical care at the best paediatric hospital in Bangalore or your city is essential to prevent complications. Moreover, consulting the best paediatrician in Bangalore or your city ensures your child receives expert care for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Preventing Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infections

While preventing infections entirely is challenging, taking proactive measures can significantly reduce the risk of spreading Mycoplasma pneumoniae within your family and community and mycoplasma pneumoniae complications.

Here are some effective preventive strategies:

• Practice Proper Hand Hygiene: Teach your child the importance of washing their hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching shared surfaces.
• Encourage Good Respiratory Etiquette: Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or an elbow can help prevent the spread of bacteria.
• Avoid Close Contact with Sick Individuals: If someone in the household or school is unwell, maintaining a safe distance can reduce the likelihood of transmission.
• Keep Your Child Home When Sick: If your child has symptoms of mycoplasma pneumonia, keeping them at home can help prevent spreading the infection to others.

Managing Mycoplasma Pneumoniae at Home

If your child has a mild case of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, home care measures can aid their recovery. These include:

• Encouraging Rest: Allowing your child to get plenty of sleep helps their immune system fight the infection.
• Keeping Them Hydrated: Offer plenty of fluids, such as water, soup, or electrolyte solutions, to prevent dehydration.
• Managing Fever and Pain: Over-the-counter medications like paracetamol (as recommended by a doctor) can help reduce fever and discomfort.
• Using a Humidifier: A humidifier in your child’s room can help soothe throat irritation and ease breathing.

Conclusion

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common childhood illness that, in most cases, remains mild and manageable. While it can sometimes lead to complications, recognising the symptoms early and seeking timely medical advice can make a significant difference. By practicing good hygiene, monitoring symptoms, and following medical recommendations, parents can help their children recover swiftly and prevent further spread of the infection.