Radiation Therapy: Types, Benefits and Side Effects

Radiation therapy is a key treatment for various types of cancer, using high-energy radiation to destroy or shrink cancer cells. It has different types, such as external beam radiation and internal radiation. While it offers significant benefits in treating cancers, it also comes with potential side effects. If you’re considering radiation therapy, understanding its types, benefits, and side effects is essential for making informed decisions about your treatment.

Understanding Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is one of the most common treatments used for cancer. It works by using high-energy radiation, such as X-rays, to target and kill cancer cells. This therapy can be used on its own or in combination with other treatments like surgery and chemotherapy. Its main goal is to destroy the DNA of cancer cells, which hinders their ability to grow and divide. 

Depending on the type and stage of cancer, radiation therapy can be used to shrink tumours, kill cancer cells, and relieve pain. In some cases, it may be used after surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells, reducing the risk of the cancer returning.

Types of Radiation Therapy

There are several types of radiation therapy, each designed to treat specific conditions based on the type, location, and size of the tumour. 

External Beam Radiation Therapy

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is the most common form of radiation treatment. It involves a machine that directs high-energy beams of radiation from outside the body directly at the tumour. The patient typically lies on a treatment table, and the machine is positioned around them to focus the radiation on the targeted area. 

EBRT is used for treating a wide range of cancers, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. The treatment is generally painless and is usually administered in multiple sessions over a period of weeks. 

Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy)

In internal radiation therapy (also known as brachytherapy), radioactive material is placed inside or near the tumour. This allows for a higher dose of radiation to be delivered directly to the cancerous area while minimizing damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. 

Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancers of the prostate, cervix, and uterus. Depending on the type of cancer, the radioactive material can be temporarily or permanently implanted in the body. 

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is a highly focused form of radiation therapy that delivers precise doses of radiation to small tumours or those located in hard-to-reach areas. SBRT is often used for lung, liver, or brain tumours. 

This technique is known for its precision and ability to treat tumours without harming surrounding tissues. The patient may undergo fewer sessions compared to conventional external beam radiation. 

Proton Therapy

Proton therapy is a newer type of radiation therapy that uses protons (positively charged particles) instead of X-rays to treat cancer. Protons can be more precisely targeted to the tumour, which reduces the risk of damage to surrounding healthy tissue. This form of radiation therapy is particularly beneficial for treating paediatric cancers or tumours located near sensitive structures like the brain or spinal cord.

Benefits of Radiation Therapy

The benefits of radiation therapy are vast and can significantly improve the outcome of cancer treatment. Some of the key benefits include: 

Effective Tumour Shrinking

Radiation therapy is often used to shrink tumours before surgery, making them easier to remove. In cases where surgery is not an option, radiation can help shrink the tumour to relieve symptoms or slow its growth. 

Cancer Cell Destruction

By damaging the DNA of cancer cells, radiation prevents them from dividing and multiplying. This makes radiation therapy an effective way to kill cancer cells and limit their spread. 

Pain Relief

For cancers that have spread to other parts of the body, radiation therapy can help reduce pain, particularly in cases of bone metastasis. It can shrink tumours pressing on nerves, bones, or organs, alleviating discomfort. 

Increased Survival Rates

When used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, radiation therapy can increase the likelihood of successful treatment and long-term survival, particularly in cancers that are localised or confined to a specific area of the body. 

Preservation of Healthy Tissue

One of the significant advantages of radiation therapy is its ability to deliver targeted treatment, minimising damage to healthy tissue around the tumour. This is especially true with newer techniques like proton therapy and SBRT.

Radiation Therapy Side Effects

While radiation therapy is a highly effective treatment, it comes with some potential side effects. These side effects are usually temporary, and their severity depends on the type of radiation therapy, the area being treated, and the individual patient’s response. 

Fatigue

Fatigue is one of the most common side effects of radiation therapy. It can range from mild tiredness to severe exhaustion, which may affect a patient’s ability to perform daily activities. 

Skin Irritation

The skin in the area being treated may become red, dry, or irritated. This is similar to a sunburn and is a temporary side effect. Moisturisers or prescribed creams can help manage skin discomfort. 

Hair Loss

Radiation therapy targeting areas such as the head or neck may lead to hair loss. In some cases, hair loss can be temporary, but in others, it may be permanent. 

Nausea and Vomiting

If radiation is directed toward areas such as the abdomen, some patients may experience nausea and vomiting. Anti-nausea medications can be prescribed to help manage these symptoms. 

Swelling

Swelling can occur in areas like the throat, chest, or abdomen, especially if the treatment is focused on organs like the lungs or digestive system. This can cause discomfort but usually resolves over time. 

Difficulty Swallowing

Radiation therapy affecting the head or neck area can make swallowing difficult. This side effect is generally temporary but may require dietary modifications or swallowing therapies to help manage it. 

Urinary Problems

For patients undergoing radiation therapy for pelvic cancers (such as prostate or cervical cancer), urinary problems like frequent urination or a burning sensation may occur. 

Most side effects of radiation therapy can be managed with medications or lifestyle changes. Your oncologist will work with you to ensure you’re comfortable during treatment.

When to See a Doctor? 

Although radiation therapy can be highly effective in treating cancer, it is essential to monitor your health and report any unusual symptoms or side effects to your doctor. If you notice severe or persistent side effects like excessive fatigue, severe pain, or difficulty breathing, consult with your oncologist. 

For expert care and guidance, visit SPARSH Hospitals, one of the best cancer hospitals in Bangalore. Our team of dedicated oncologists in Bangalore is ready to help you navigate your cancer treatment with compassion and expertise.

Conclusion

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone treatment for cancer, offering significant benefits like tumour shrinkage, pain relief, and improved survival rates. While it does come with potential side effects, these can usually be managed with proper care and attention. Understanding the types of radiation therapy and the benefits of radiation therapy can help patients make informed decisions about their treatment options. 

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does radiation therapy take to work?

The effects of radiation therapy vary depending on the type of cancer and the individual. Some patients start seeing results after a few weeks, while others may need several months before the full effects are visible. 

Are there any permanent side effects of radiation therapy?

While most side effects are temporary, some individuals may experience permanent changes, such as hair loss or skin changes. It’s essential to discuss the potential long-term effects with your doctor. 

Can radiation therapy cure cancer?

In many cases, radiation therapy can help treat and manage cancer effectively. It may not always be a cure, but it can shrink tumours, alleviate symptoms, and increase survival chances. 

Can I continue working during radiation therapy?

Most patients can continue working during radiation therapy, but it depends on the type of radiation, the side effects, and how you’re feeling. Discuss your work schedule with your doctor for personalised advice. 

Is radiation therapy painful?

Radiation therapy itself is typically painless. However, you may experience discomfort from side effects like skin irritation or fatigue.