Spinal Cord Injury: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe condition resulting from damage to the spinal cord, leading to temporary or permanent changes in its function. This injury can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, affecting mobility, sensation, and various bodily functions. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for effective management and recovery.

Understanding the Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is a vital component of the central nervous system, serving as the primary conduit for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It is encased within the vertebral column, extending from the base of the brain down to the lower back. Any damage to this delicate structure can disrupt communication pathways, leading to various physical impairments.

Causes of Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injuries can result from traumatic events or non-traumatic conditions.

Traumatic Causes

• Motor Vehicle Accidents: Collisions involving cars or motorcycles are among the leading causes of SCIs, accounting for a significant percentage of new cases annually.
• Falls: Particularly prevalent among older adults, falls can lead to injuries at various levels of the spinal cord.
• Acts of Violence: Incidents such as gunshot or stab wounds can penetrate or sever the spinal cord.
• Sports Injuries: High-impact sports, including diving, football, and gymnastics, pose risks for spinal injuries.

Non-Traumatic Causes

• Diseases: Conditions like cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis, and inflammation can lead to SCIs.
• Infections: Severe infections can cause abscesses or other complications affecting the spinal cord.
• Degenerative Disc Disease: Age-related changes can lead to disc herniation, compressing the spinal cord.

Types of Spinal Cord Injury

SCIs are classified based on the severity and location of the injury.

Complete Injury

A complete spinal cord injury results in a total loss of motor and sensory function below the level of injury. This means that no signals can pass through the affected area of the spinal cord.

Incomplete Injury

An incomplete spinal cord injury allows for some movement and sensation below the injury site. The extent varies depending on the specific area and severity of the damage.

Symptoms of Spinal Cord Injury

The symptoms of a spinal cord injury depend on the injury’s location and severity. Common signs include:

• Loss of Movement – The spinal cord controls voluntary movements, and damage can lead to partial or complete paralysis below the affected area.
• Loss of Sensation – A person may experience numbness or the inability to feel heat, cold, or physical touch, increasing the risk of injuries without awareness.
• Exaggerated Reflexes or Spasms – Uncontrolled muscle movements, stiffness, or increased reflex actions can interfere with daily activities and mobility.
• Pain or Intense Stinging Sensations – Nerve damage often results in persistent pain, burning, or tingling sensations, affecting comfort and quality of life.
• Difficulty Breathing or Coughing – If the spinal cord injury occurs in the neck or upper back, it can weaken respiratory muscles, making breathing and coughing difficult.
• Loss of Bladder or Bowel Control – Damage to nerve pathways disrupts signals to the bladder and intestines, leading to incontinence or difficulties with elimination.
• Changes in Blood Pressure and Circulation – Spinal injuries can cause low blood pressure, irregular heart rate, and poor circulation, leading to dizziness and fainting.
• Sexual Dysfunction – Nerve disruption may affect arousal, sensation, or function, impacting an individual’s intimate life and emotional well-being.

Diagnosis of Spinal Cord Injury

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Diagnostic procedures may include:

• Physical Examination: Assessing motor and sensory function to determine the injury’s extent.
• Imaging Tests: Utilising X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to visualise the spinal cord and surrounding structures.
• Neurological Assessments: Evaluating reflexes, muscle strength, and sensory responses.

Treatment Options for Spinal Cord Injury

While spinal cord injury treatment aims to prevent further damage and promote recovery, the specific approach depends on the injury’s nature.

Immediate Medical Intervention

• Immobilisation: Stabilising the spine to prevent further injury.
• Medication: Administering drugs to reduce inflammation and secondary damage.
• Surgery: Addressing fractures, decompressing the spinal cord, or removing foreign objects.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is a cornerstone of recovery, focusing on:

• Physical Therapy: Enhancing mobility, strength, and functional abilities.
• Occupational Therapy: Assisting patients in performing daily activities independently.
• Psychological Support: Addressing emotional and mental health challenges associated with SCIs.

Advanced Treatments

• Spine Surgery: In some cases, surgical interventions may be necessary to stabilise the spine or alleviate pressure on the spinal cord.
• Experimental Therapies: Research into stem cell therapy, neuroprosthetics, and other innovations offers hope for future treatments.

When to See a Doctor

Immediate medical attention is crucial if you experience:

• Severe Back or Neck Pain: Especially after trauma.
• Weakness or Paralysis: In any part of the body.
• Numbness or Tingling: Particularly in the hands or feet.
• Loss of Bladder or Bowel Control: Indicating potential spinal involvement.

If you are experiencing such symptoms, feel free to consult with experienced neurologists in Bangalore at SPARSH Hospitals. We are a reputable neuroscience hospital in Bangalore known for offering prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusion

A spinal cord injury profoundly impacts an individual’s life, but advancements in medical science continue to improve outcomes. Early intervention, comprehensive rehabilitation, and ongoing support are vital components of effective management.

Frequently Asked Questions

What happens after a spinal cord injury?

A spinal cord injury can lead to partial or complete loss of movement, sensation, and organ function below the affected area. Recovery varies depending on the severity of the injury, and rehabilitation plays a crucial role in improving mobility and independence.

Can a person walk again after a spinal cord injury?

Whether a person can walk again depends on whether the injury is complete or incomplete. Some individuals regain mobility through intense rehabilitation and assistive devices, while others may rely on wheelchairs for movement. Advances in spinal cord injury treatment continue to improve recovery chances.

Is spinal cord injury curable?

There is no definitive cure for spinal cord injury, but various treatments, including spine surgery, medications, and therapy, help restore function. Research into stem cells and nerve regeneration holds promise for future treatment options.

Is walking good for spinal cord injury?

If medically advised, walking or assisted movement helps maintain muscle strength, improve blood circulation, and prevent complications like pressure sores. However, rehabilitation should be guided by specialists to ensure safety and effectiveness.